Herbal Constituents and Relevant Biochemistry
- Holland, H. D. (1997). Evidence for life on Earth more than 3850 million years ago. Science, 275(5296), 38-39.
- Ramawat, K. G., Dass, S., & Mathur, M. (2009). The chemical diversity of bioactive molecules and therapeutic potential of medicinal plants. Herbal drugs: ethnomedicine to modern medicine, 7-32.
- White, P. Et al. (2016). Natural withanolides in the treatment of chronic diseases. In Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Chronic Diseases (pp. 329-373). Springer, Cham.
- Panossian, A. G. et al. (2020). Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress‐and aging‐related diseases. Medicinal Research Reviews.
- Ganzera, M., Choudhary, M. I., & Khan, I. A. (2003). Quantitative HPLC analysis of withanolides in Withania somnifera. Fitoterapia, 74(1-2), 68-76.
- Speers, A. B. et al. (2021). Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia. Current Neuropharmacology, 19(9), 1468.
- Patil, D. et al. (2013). Determination of withaferin A and withanolide A in mice plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetics after oral administration of Withania somnifera aqueous extract. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 80, 203-212.
- Kelgane, S. B., et al. (2020). Efficacy and tolerability of Ashwagandha root extract in the elderly for improvement of general well-being and sleep: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cureus, 12(2).
- Langade, D., et al. (2019). Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in insomnia and anxiety: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Cureus, 11(9).
- Salve, J., et al. (2019). Adaptogenic and anxiolytic effects of ashwagandha root extract in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Cureus, 11(12).
- Chandrasekhar, K., et al. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 34(3), 255-262.
- Pratte, M. A., et al. (2014). An alternative treatment for anxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(12), 901-908.
- Fuladi, S., et al. (2021). Assessment of the efficacy of Withania somnifera root extract in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Formerly Current Clinical Pharmacology, 16(2), 191-196.
- Ambiye, V. R., et al. (2013). Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: a pilot study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
- Nasimi Doost Azgomi, R. et al. (2018). Comparative evaluation of the effects of Withania somnifera with pentoxifylline on the sperm parameters in idiopathic male infertility: A triple‐blind randomised clinical trial. Andrologia, 50(7), e13041.
- Choudhary, D., et al. (2017). Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) root extract in improving memory and cognitive functions. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 14(6), 599-612.
- Wankhede, S., et al. (2015). Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 1-11.
- Sharma, A. K., Basu, I., & Singh, S. (2018). Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha root extract in subclinical hypothyroid patients: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 24(3), 243-248.
- Veryser, L. (2016). Analytical, pharmacokinetic and regulatory characterisation of selected plant N-alkylamides (Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University).
- Elufioye, T. O., Habtemariam, S., & Adejare, A. (2020). Chemistry and pharmacology of alkylamides from natural origin. Revista brasileira de farmacognosia, 30(5), 622-640.
- Matthias, A., et al. (2005). Cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated degradation of Echinacea alkylamides in human liver microsomes. Chemico-biological interactions, 155(1-2), 62-70.
- Russo, E. B. (2016). Beyond cannabis: Plants and the endocannabinoid system. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 37(7), 594-605.
- Haller, J., Krecsak, L., & Zámbori, J. (2020). Double‐blind placebo controlled trial of the anxiolytic effects of a standardized Echinacea extract. Phytotherapy Research, 34(3), 660-668.
- Meeran, M. N. et al. (2021). Can Echinacea be a potential candidate to target immunity, inflammation, and infection-The trinity of coronavirus disease 2019. Heliyon, 7(2), e05990.
- Oláh, A., et al. (2017). Echinacea purpurea-derived alkylamides exhibit potent anti inflammatory effects and alleviate clinical symptoms of atopic eczema. Journal of dermatological science, 88(1), 67-77.
- Chicca, A. et al. (2009). Synergistic immunomopharmacological effects of N-alkylamides in Echinacea purpurea herbal extracts. International immunopharmacology, 9(7-8), 850-858
- Antonella, B., & Federica, P. (2019). Old strategies and new perspectives in modulating the endocannabinoid system. Current Bioactive Compounds, 15(2), 159-173.
- Wang, Y. et al. (2021). Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Piper methysticum). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021.
- Lasme, P., Davrieux, F., Montet, D., & Lebot, V. (2008). Quantification of kavalactones and determination of kava (Piper methysticum) chemotypes using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for quality control in Vanuatu. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 56(13), 4976-4981.
- Kuchta, K., Schmidt, M., & Nahrstedt, A. (2015). German kava ban lifted by court: The alleged hepatotoxicity of kava (Piper methysticum) as a case of ill-defined herbal drug identity, lacking quality control, and misguided regulatory politics. Planta medica, 81(18), 1647-1653.
- Teschke, R., Sarris, J., & Lebot, V. (2011). Kava hepatotoxicity solution: A six-point plan for new kava standardization. Phytomedicine, 18(2-3), 96-103.
- Davies, D. et al. Kava pyrones and resin: studies on GABAA, GABAB and benzodiazepine binding sites in rodent brain. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992 Aug;71(2):120-6.
- Smith, K. et al. Anxiolytic effects of kava extract and kavalactones in the chick social separation-stress paradigm.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Apr;155(1):86-90.
- Jussofie, A. et al. Kavapyrone enriched extract from Piper methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in different regions of rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 Dec;116(4):469-74.
- Magura, E. et al. Kava extract ingredients, (+)-methysticin and (+/-)-kavain inhibit voltage-operated Na(+)-channels in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience. 1997 Nov;81(2):345-51.
- Kormann, E. et al. Kavain analogues as potential analgesic agents. Pharmacol Rep. 2012;64(6):1419-26.
- Yuan, C. et al. Kavalactones and dihydrokavain modulate GABAergic activity in a rat gastric-brainstem preparation. Planta Med. 2002 Dec;68(12):1092-6.
- Martin, H. et al. Kavain inhibits murine airway smooth muscle contraction. Planta Med. 2000 Oct;66(7):601-6.
- Ligresti, A. et al. Kavalactones and the endocannabinoid system: the plant-derived yangonin is a novel CB₁ receptor ligand. Pharmacol Res. 2012 Aug;66(2):163-9.
- Singh, Y. et al. Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs. 2002;16(11):731-43.
- Baum, S. et al. Effect of kava extract and individual kavapyrones on neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Oct;22(7):1105-20.
- Kotha, R. R., & Luthria, D. L. (2019). Curcumin: biological, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and analytical aspects. Molecules, 24(16), 2930.
- Salehi, B., et al. (2019). The therapeutic potential of curcumin: A review of clinical trials. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 163, 527-545.
- Morgan, M. (2017). Phytotherapists’ Perspective; Enhanced Bioavailability: Concentrated Standardised Turmeric Extract Combined with Fenugreek Galactomannosides.
- Jabczyk, M.et al. (2021). Curcumin in Metabolic Health and Disease. Nutrients, 13(12), 4440.